Survey Instruments and Handhelds
LAURUS Systems carries a full line of portable and handheld instruments that include contamination monitoring, dose rate meters, combination instruments, hybrids, and accessories. Click on the links below to see what we have to offer. If you have questions or do not see exactly what you are looking for, please contact us directly.
Survey meters are portable radiation detection and measurement devices used to detect and measure external or ambient ionizing radiation fields. They are also used detect and monitor personnel, equipment and facilities for radiation and radioactive contamination.
Most instruments have been designed and developed to be hand-held, battery powered and easy to deploy. Meters can be fully integrated with probe and processing electronics in one housing to allow single-handed use, or they can have separate detector probes and electronics housings, joined by a signal cable.
The end user should have an understanding of the types of radiation that could be encountered so that the correct instrument is used. Many instruments are sensitive to more than one type of radiation; alpha and beta, or beta and gamma, for instance, and the operator should be aware of the differences. Ideally, the user will have the skills necessary to not only operate the instrument, but also to interpret and comprehend the results.
Quick Index
Fever & Temperature Scanning
Thermoteknix FevIR Scan2
Excerpt - The miniature, discreet and ultra-portable FevIR Scan 2 skin temperature measurement system provides high-speed accurate skin temperature measurement. FevIR Scan 2 skin temperature measurement system is an adjunctive screening system which is used for triage, serving in many countries around the world. FevIR Scan 2 skin temperature measurement system is easily installed, operated and relocated with a minimum of setup time and following practical operator training. The system is password-protected to prevent unauthorised changes while the flexible configuration software allows the user to select Thermal and Visible imaging on Operator and Viewer independent displays with Side-by-Side, or Picture-in-Picture formats. Audible, visible and electronic alerts can be set based on absence of face masks as well as temperature thresholds.
More Information
FevIR Scan2 Mask Detection
Excerpt - Thermoteknix adds mask detection to its FevIR Scan 2 temperature screening technology in fight against coronavirus (CoVID-19). New face mask detection technology launched in response to US President-elect Joe Biden’s plans to mandate mask wearing nationwide. The release of the new face mask detection technology comes hot on the heels of news that US President-elect Joe Biden plans to promote mask wearing in public during the first 100 days in office to curtail the spread of coronavirus.
More InformationDose Rate Instruments
Mirion RDS-32 Radiation Survey Meter
Excerpt - The RDS-32 Survey Meters are small handheld, battery operated radiation survey instruments. Due to its versatile functions and durability it is suited for a wide range of applications in civil defense, industrial use, nuclear power plants, laboratories, etc. The meter features excellent ergonomics; lightweight and easy handling, with visual, audible, and vibration functions. Each meter includes an additional battery cover with belt clip to make it wearable, freeing the user’s hands to focus on their primary job.
More Information
Mirion RDS-31 Modular Radiation Survey Meter
Excerpt - RDS-31iTx/iTxSD meters are small handheld, battery operated survey instruments using an energy compensated GM-tube or PIN diode as primary detector. Due to its versatile functions and durability it is suited for a wide range of applications in civil defense, industrial and laboratory use etc. It helps in making real time decisions quickly, providing real time survey data. It also reduces critical work time and most importantly enhances safety and ALARA procedures.
More Information
CANBERRA – Mirion UltraRadiac Plus
Excerpt - The potential threat of a radiological terrorism incident requires that first responders are equipped with a radiation monitor that is designed to address the radiation hazards they may face. The UltraRadiac-Plus is the perfect unit for first responders as it offers the small size and light weight needed to avoid interference with critical work while providing continually updated information to the user.
More Information
RDS-30 Handheld Radiation Detector
Excerpt - The Mirion/Rados/CANBERRA RDS-30 Radiation Survey Meter is a versatile gamma radiation detector which has been designed for a wide range of applications involving a possibility for abnormal radiation levels. Compact, lightweight, waterproof, it’s performance and it’s user friendly interface make the RDS-30 perfectly suited to radiation survey in field conditions as in nuclear industry or for protection against radiological hazards.
More Information
DSM-500 Handheld Radiation Survey Meter
Excerpt - The DSM 500 is a microprocessor-controlled instrument represents the new gold standard of survey instruments. The DSM-500 boasts an oversized digital display and a unique capability for dual probe capability. Comes standard with timed count capability, probe-saturation and error indicators.
More Information
DSM-501 Handheld Radiation Survey Meter
Excerpt - The internal 1"x1" plastic scintillator of the DSM 501 has a close to tissue-equivalent response and has an oversized digital backlit display, dose or CPM operation modes and comes standard with timed-count capability, probe-saturation and error indicators.
More Information
DSM 503
Excerpt - The DSM-503 Survey meter is rugged and dependable for use in a variety of environments. With its internal detector, this instrument is designed to fit the perfect application for general users of radiation measurement and monitoring. The internal energy compensated gm detector makes this instrument a perfect fit for general users of radiological instruments.
More Information
DSM-506 Handheld Radiation Survey Meter
Excerpt - The operation of the DSM-506 provides users the ease of an internal detector with the additional probe capability for those specific measurement needs. This feature, with its easy to read display, digital electronics and rugged design make the 506 a perfect instrument for all applications.
More Information
DSM-525 Handheld Radiation Survey Meter
Excerpt - The DSM-525 is the most functional survey instrument on the market with its dual probe capability. This dual connection capability allows users the luxury of multiple level measurements with as many as four different probes calibrated to each measurement type. No more re-tracking to the instrument case to switch probes.
More Information
Thermo RadEye G Personal Dose Rate Meter
Excerpt - The RadEye G is a light-weight and very rugged instrument designed for quick and reliable measurement of gamma dose rates. Modern electronic circuitry guarantees excellent linearity over 6 decades of radiation intensity: from background level to 10 R/h - with over range indication up to 1000 R/h. The high-quality counter tube in conjunction with the non-metal instrument housing allows detection and reliable measurements down to very low gamma energies. All essential functions can be easily accessed even while wearing protective gloves. The alarm-LED can be seen while the instrument is worn in a belt-holster. The instrument is also equipped with a built-in vibrator and an ear-phone-output for silent alarming or use in very noisy environment.
More Information
RadEye G-10 Personal Dose Rate Meter
Excerpt - LAURUS offers the Thermo RadEye G-10 - a light-weight and very rugged instrument designed for quick and reliable measurement of gamma radiation dose rates. The RadEye G is a light-weight and very rugged instrument designed for quick and reliable measurement of gamma dose rates. Modern electronic circuitry guarantees excellent linearity over 6 decades of radiation intensity: from background level to 10 R/h - with over range indication up to 1000 R/h. The high-quality counter tube in conjunction with the non-metal instrument housing allows detection and reliable measurements down to very low gamma energies. All essential functions can be easily accessed even while wearing protective gloves. The alarm-LED can be seen while the instrument is worn in a belt-holster. The instrument is also equipped with a built-in vibrator and an ear-phone-output for silent alarming or use in very noisy environment.
More Information
RO-20 AA
Excerpt - The RO-20 AA is a portable air ionization chamber instrument, used to detect beta, gamma, and x-radiation, with five linear ranges of operation to measure exposure from background to 50 R/h full scale.The detector is fully temperature compensated, eliminating any need for temperature correction. Each instrument is factory calibrated to gamma radiation. A single rotary switch turns the instrument off, checks the batteries, checks the zero setting, and selects the range of operation. An ergonomically located switch illuminates the meter. Internal switching of ranges is accomplished with reed relays, eliminating the mechanical swing arms typically used with portable ion chamber survey instruments.
More Information
FH 40
Excerpt - The FH 40 G family of advanced survey meters is designed for multiple radiation protection measurements. The integrated design represents a versatile, user-friendly, hand-held radiation measurement system designed for many different radiation protection applications. The FH 40 G is rugged, lightweight, fits snugly in the palm of the hand and is easy to operate with large keys that enable users wearing gloves. A rich choice of external probes can be connected to FH 40 G with cable. Readings from both the internal and external detectors are measured simultaneously!
More Information
Thermo Micro R/Micro Sv
Excerpt - The Micro Rem and Micro Sievert models are lightweight, portable survey meters for applications where accurate dose rate measurements of low radiation levels are required. Accurate down to background levels, the Micro Rem and Micro Sievert read absorbed dose rate directly so no conversion from mR/h is required. The tissue-equivalent scintillator used in the Micro Rem and Micro Sievert gives them a nearly flat, rem energy response. This rem response is based on the deep dose equivalent index for 1 cm (0.39”) depth, uniparallel directional beam as calculated on the ICRU standard sphere.
More Information
ERK-525 Radiation Emergency Response Kit
Excerpt - The ERK-525 is a complete, portable radiation monitoring system designed to measure a broad range of radioisotope contamination under field conditions. The system contains a state of the art, microprocessor based digital display meter that auto ranges and can detect most of the common alpha, beta & gamma radiation that is likely to be present in an emergency situation. The DSM-525 is a dual probe survey meter that measures contamination and dose levels from micro-R to 200 mR/hr
More Information
NORM-PKP
Excerpt - The NORM-PKP includes the DSM-525, a GM Pancake Probe (cpm) and MRSP-1 Plastic Scintillation probe (Dose Rate). The combination of the two probes are perfect for measuring NORM and TENORM radiation. The Pancake and Scintillation probes are both connected to the instrument at the same time so the user can switch between them at any time without having to power the instrument down.
More InformationNORM-PKN
Excerpt - The NORM-PKN includes the DSM-525, a GM Pancake Probe (cpm) and GSP-1 NaI Scintillation probe (Dose Rate). The combination of the two probes are perfect for measuring NORM and TENORM radiation. The Pancake and Scintillation probes are both connected to the instrument at the same time so the user can switch between them at any time without having to power the instrument down.
More Information
Tracerco T401 Contamination Monitor
Excerpt - The Tracerco™ T401 Contamination Monitors are non-intrinsically safe contamination instruments, which stand out by combining high level functionality with environmental tolerance to provide highly cost-effective technology where intrinsic safety is not a consideration. Part of the TRACERCO collection of radiation monitors, the T401 Contamination Monitors are particularly suited to the detection of radioactive contamination which can arise in a variety of industries where man-made or naturally occurring isotopes are processed. This includes in the nuclear power, land remediation, research and development and medicine fields.
More Information
T402
Excerpt - The Tracerco™ T402 Radiation Dose Rate Monitor has been specifically designed to be lightweight but robust and comfortable when used over extended periods in the field. It has fast response and excellent sensitivity and additional key operational features such as personal dose integration and peak dose rate memory. The TRACERCO™ T402HR Dose Rate Monitor has the same ease of use and functionality but features an extended range.
More Information
T202
Excerpt - The Tracerco™ T202 Radiation Dose Rate Monitor has been specifically designed to combine intrinsic safety with ruggedized but lightweight construction and provides additional key operational features such as personal dose integration and peak dose rate.
More Information
T406
Excerpt - The T406 X-Ray Monitor provides the enhanced sensitivity and energy response necessary to measure radiation rate and dose from x-ray and gamma sources. Designed to measure leakage and scatter around diagnostic x-ray and radiation therapy suites, the T406 is very well-suited for a wide range of end users. With its energy compensated GM tube, the T406 can be shipped and transported without the restrictions and limitations associated with pressurized ion chamber devices.
More Information
RadEye PX
Excerpt - The RadEye PX is a modern compact multipurpose survey meter for proportional counter tubes. General count rate and surface contamination measurements can be performed as well as dose rate measurements, typically with He-3 or BF3 based Rem-counters.
More Information
Thermo RadEye with FHZ 674 NBR Detector
Excerpt - The Thermo RadEye NBR is a combination of the Thermo Scientific RadEye SX multi-purpose meter and the FHZ 674 NBR detector. Ideal for use when large variations in the natural background occur during the search. Very small contributions and low levels of artificial gamma radiation can be detected by a NBR detector (Natural Background Rejection).
More Information
RadEye SX
Excerpt - The RadEye SX is a modern compact multi-purpose survey meter for external scintillator counter tubes. General count rate and surface contamination measurements can be performed as well as dose rate measurements. As part of the growing RadEye product family of high-end stand-alone meters, the RadEye SX is designed to exceed the most demanding user expectations. Due to the clear and large display all essential functions and software parameters can be easily accessed. The display and the alarm-LED can be seen while the instrument is worn in the transparent case.
More InformationRadEye G/G-10
Excerpt - The RadEye G is a light-weight and very rugged instrument designed for quick and reliable measurement of gamma dose rates. Modern electronic circuitry guarantees excellent linearity over 6 decades of radiation intensity: from background level to 10 R/h - with over range indication up to 1000 R/h. The high-quality counter tube in conjunction with the non-metal instrument housing allows detection and reliable measurements down to very low gamma energies. All essential functions can be easily accessed even while wearing protective gloves. The alarm-LED can be seen while the instrument is worn in a belt-holster. The instrument is also equipped with a built-in vibrator and an ear-phone-output for silent alarming or use in very noisy environment.
More Information
PRM-470
Excerpt - The TSA PRM470 uses low power electronics to provide up to 17 hours of continuous operation from the rechargeable batteries. The PRM470 also features a self-test during power up, automatic background count and user determined alarm settings. Detection information and parameters are easy to read on the backlit display that can be used in dark or light conditions. Settings may be configured from the front panel, or from a personal computer.
More Information
GMP-25 EXTERNAL PROBE
Excerpt - The GMP-25 external probe enhances the detection capability of RADOS RDS-31 meter family. It has been designed to fulfill the most demanding applications in the nuclear industry, security and industrial use. The GMP-25 is intended for monitoring alpha, beta, gamma and X-ray radiation. The GMP-25 is used as an external detector with the RDS-31/iTx/iTxSD multi-purpose meters, especially for surface contamination monitoring and source localization applications.
More Information
GMP-11-3 EXTERNAL PROBE
Excerpt - The GMP-11-3 probe is intended for monitoring alpha, beta, gamma and X-ray radiation mainly in surface contamination monitoring applications. The GMP-11-3 is used as an external probe for the RDS-31S/R Multi-Purpose Survey Meter.
More Information
GMP-12-3 PROBES
Excerpt - These External Probes enhance the detection capability of the RDS-31 survey meter. The GMP-12-3, GMP-12H-3 and GMP-12L-3 probes are intended for monitoring gamma and X-ray radiation. They have been designed to fulfill both the civil defense and industrial applications requirements.
More Information
GMP-12SD-UW PROBES
Excerpt - The GMP-12SD/12UW represent the new design of Mirion external probes. The casing with 35 mm diameter enables the probe re-calibration with most common calibration units. This external probe enhances the detection capability of Mirion RDS-31 meter family. They have been designed to fulfill the most demanding applications in nuclear industry, HLS & civil defense and industrial use. The GMP-12SD/12UW probes are intended for gamma and Xray radiation. The measured quantity is the H*(10) ambient dose rate equivalent.
More Information
RDS Probes
Excerpt - Optional probes available for the RADOS RDS 200/110 Survey Instruments are a range of GM Tube-based external probes for gamma and beta contamination measurement. These probes simply plug into the base of the unit and are automatically set up for the relevant measuring range and unit.
More Information
Probes/Detectors
Excerpt - There are a full range of Probes and Detectors available for the WB Johnson line of hand held instruments and survey meters. With most of these probes, there is never a need to power down or "re-boot" the instrument when switching between scales or probes.
More Information
RAP Probes
Excerpt - The CsI (Tl) crystal used in Radiation Alert® Probes has a higher atomic number, is more rugged, and less hygroscopic than a typical Nal detector. The improved gamma ray absorption allows a thinner crystal to be used, effectively reducing the background count rate.
Telepole II
Excerpt - The Telepole II is a wide range telescopic survey meter with a measuring range of between 0.05 mR/h to 1000 R/h. It features the same length pole as it’s predecessor, reaching 11 feet when fully extended. Combined with an integrated LED in the detector head, the Telepole II makes it easier than ever to survey components in dark or dimly lit areas.
More Information
RadComm RC2 Plus/RC2 Plus Advanced
Excerpt - LAURUS Systems offers the RadComm Systems RC2 Plus/RC2 Plus Advanced highly sensitive handheld radiation detector. The RC2 Plus and RC2 Plus Advanced are for steel, scrap, waste and municipal waste. The Basic RC2 Plus automatically sets an alarm threshold over the total background count rate average upon each startup. This allows the RC2 Plus to detect very low radiation levels even when hidden by shielding such as scrap metal, waste, or other dense material. The RC2 Plus utilizes a large internal, high grade PVT scintillator to maximize sensitivity. The RC2 Plus Advanced utilizes both a PVT scintillator and a Geiger-Mueller tube to perform “Region Of Interest”(ROI) Analysis which allows the operator to see the distributed gamma energies in a histogram form.
More Information
RHandy Portable Radiation Detector
Excerpt - The RHandy is a very user friendly and economical solution for those requiring an accurate and fast responding portable radiation and contamination monitor. This portable handheld instrument will instantly detect and measure radioactivity and radioactive materials on clothing, food, water and the environment. With features found in instruments costing much more, the RHandy is one of the most versatile instruments available today.
More Information
NSN3
Excerpt - The Fuji Model NSN3 Portable Neutron Survey Meter is very light-weight and small without polyethylene moderator. The energy re-sponse is improved using the spectrum weighting function. The NSN3 survey meter measures ambient dose equivalent and ambient dose equivalent rate of neutrons.
More Information
Bertin MiniTRACE CSDF
Excerpt - The MiniTRACE CSDF is a multipurpose instrument fulfilling the functions of a contamination, survey and dose rate meter. It is designed to improve the detection and the quantification of radiation contamination, making this a frontline tool in the protection against uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material.
More Information
Bertin DataEXPERT10 Software
Excerpt - DataEXPERT 10 is a sophisticated solution for managing, charting and evaluating data collected from radiation monitoring systems. As it is working through a web-based browser interface, DataEXPERT 10 is available on computer, laptop, tablet or smartphone. Its user friendly interface shows data presentation in charts and tables, and uses static or dynamic GIS maps. Users can have access to the system overview, select a group of instruments or have a look on the station details. Thus, DataEXPERT 10 shows all technological and radiological events.
More Information
Bertin RadTRACE Gamma Survey Meter
Excerpt - The RadTRACEis a dose rate meter designed to improve the safety of workers in the controlled areas of nuclear power plants, processing facilities, research centers and hospitals. It is also an excellent solution for first responders; law enforcement, fire departments, hazmat teams, public health officials and radiation protection inspectors. It is an extremely robust device that is very user friendly and straightforward making it easy to measure gamma dose rates and accumulated exposure (ambient dose equivalent rate (H*(10)) or exposure rate).
More Information
Bertin DataVIEW Software
Excerpt - DataVIEW is a user-friendly PC software for retrieving data from measurement devices as well as for analyzing and visualizing. DataVIEW PRO includes besides other sophisticated features a report module which allows free selection of weekdays and/or different times of day.
More Information
Teletector 6112AD Telescoping Radiation Meter
Excerpt - The Teletector 6112AD Telescoping Radiation Meter is the latest generation of the proven, reliable and rugged Teletector. It is a portable battery operated dose rate meter to measure photon radiation (gamma and X-radiation), and to detect beta radiation. Two GM counter tubes serve as detectors. The stainless steel telescope can extend up to four meters and its tip carries the two tubes. The low End tube detects beta radiation and together with the high end tube the Teletector 6112AD covers a dose range from 1 μR/h to 1000 R/h (0.1 μSv/h to 10 Sv/h), where it automatically switches between the two tubes.
More Information
Teletector 6112M
Excerpt - The Teletector 6112M is a portable battery operated dose rate meter to measure photon radiation (gamma and X-radiation), and to detect beta radiation. Two GM counter tubes serve as detectors. The stainless steel telescope can extend up to four meters and its tip carries the two tubes. The low End tube detects beta radiation and together with the high end tube the Teletector covers a dose range from 10 μR/h to 1000 R/h (0.1 μSv/h to 10 Sv/h), where it automatically switches between the two tubes.
More Information
6150 AD/5 EX
Excerpt - The 6150AD5/Ex is a portable, battery operated dose rate meter to measure photon radiation (gamma and X radiation). It is especially designed to be used in Ex-areas. An Ex-area is a hazardous location which may contain a fire or explosion hazard due to the presence of flammable substances (gases, vapors, combustible dust).
More InformationHuman Portable (Backpacks)
SPIR-View Software
Excerpt - The SpirVIEW Mobile software is designed for organizations and agencies responsible for monitoring and preventing nuclear and radiological terrorist threat. The SpirVIEW Mobile system manages monitoring of large scale events such as sport venues, conferences, conventions, critical infrastructure and more, providing area safety. Emergency response crisis centers will also benefit from direct communication with the Field Monitoring Teams (FMTs), for tasks like plume monitoring, mapping of exclusion areas, sampling, or ground contamination surveys.
Compatible with:
SPIR-Ident Mobile Platform
Excerpt - The SPIR-Ident Mobile Platform is an airborne and carborne system that combines advanced gamma detection and spectroscopy with optional neutron detection suited for vehicles, ships, helicopters and aircraft. The SPIR-Ident Mobile Platform is composed of Detector boxes with NaI(Tl) crystals of different sizes, GM detector for high gamma dose rate measurements, and optionally BZnS based neutron detectors with the associated electronics.
The computer equipped of SPIR-Ident Mobile Suite: SpirMOBILE, SpirPORTAL Optionally connection/accessory box for batteries, connection and communication.
The system has been designed for multiple applications:
SPIR-Pack Backpack Radiation Detector
Excerpt - The SPIR-Pack is a backpack based radiation detection system which provides an intermediate sensitivity between the handheld SpiR-ID (RIID) and the SPIR-Ident Mobile system (vehicle/ vessel/ aircraft detection and identification system). The SPIR-Pack can discreetly identify radioactive sources in a large perimeter. The SPIR-Pack can also pinpoint areas that are crowded or hard to cross with a vehicle (stadiums, train stations, airports, buildings, etc.). It is well-suited to source search operations.
More Information
Thermo PackEye FHT1377 Backpack HPRID
Excerpt - The PackEye FHT1377 provides survey teams with a tool for effectively addressing the problems of orphaned sources, radiological contamination, and maliciously introduced sources. By virtue of the proprietary NBR-technology (Natural Background Rejection) extremely low contributions of artificial gamma radiation are quickly detected, despite much larger fluctuations of the natural gamma background radiation.
More Information
FLIR identiFINDER R700 BackPack Radiation Detector
Excerpt - The FLIR identiFINDER R700 Backpack Radiation Detector (BRD) offers a hands-free capability for broad area radiological search and monitoring missions. The identiFINDER R700 provides the user all that is required to successfully perform wide-area searches quickly, efficiently and confidently. Providing the ultimate versatility, the identiFINDER R700 can be placed for stationary monitoring at makeshift checkpoints, fence-line monitoring, and other temporary screening locations. When coupled with radiation monitoring software, the identiFINDER R700 can be used as a fixed-site monitoring tool.
More Information
Guardian Patriot
Excerpt - Nucsafe has been working with military and first response professionals from around the world in the development of the Guardian Patriot® Portable Radiation Search Tool (PRST). Guardian Patriot® is built to detect the presence of NORM, legal, and illicit radioactive materials. The system incorporates state of the art passive scanning technology to detect changes in radiation levels emitted by gamma, high energy beta, and neutrons contained on persons and in objects, vehicles, or containers
More Information
MP-100
Excerpt - The Rapiscan MP100 Backpack Radiation Detection system is a lightweight, high performance, easy to use radiation monitor housed in a compact commercial backpack. All of the features required for radiation detection are integrated in the MP100. It can be used as a standalone device and connected wirelessly to a Rapiscan oversight system for remote data collection and display. The MP100 is ideal for performing covert radiation inspection to find radiological and nuclear materials, for supporting security operations and for performing radiation surveys.
More InformationN.O.R.M. Meters
NORM-PKP
Excerpt - The NORM-PKP includes the DSM-525, a GM Pancake Probe (cpm) and MRSP-1 Plastic Scintillation probe (Dose Rate). The combination of the two probes are perfect for measuring NORM and TENORM radiation. The Pancake and Scintillation probes are both connected to the instrument at the same time so the user can switch between them at any time without having to power the instrument down.
More InformationNORM-PKN
Excerpt - The NORM-PKN includes the DSM-525, a GM Pancake Probe (cpm) and GSP-1 NaI Scintillation probe (Dose Rate). The combination of the two probes are perfect for measuring NORM and TENORM radiation. The Pancake and Scintillation probes are both connected to the instrument at the same time so the user can switch between them at any time without having to power the instrument down.
More Information
NORM-IS
Excerpt - The Tracerco™ NORM Monitor-IS allows users to monitor wet and dry NORM in a variety of situations. Its unique, intrinsically safe design incorporates different probe options to make it the optimum measurement tool. An intrinsically safe, weatherproof monitor with dual probe capability - the ultimate tool for obtaining accurate NORM Measurements in hazardous areas or difficult conditions.
More Information